ABSTRACT
During the processing of fruits, large quantities of wastes are generated, these by-products contain large amounts of oil, starch and protein that can be exploited due to their good nutritional, technological, and functional properties. However, due to the presence of several antinutritional factors, such as polyphenolic compounds, phytic acid, cyanogenic glycoside and oxalates, the use of fruit wastes in human food is limited. The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of soaking and heating on antinutritional factors. It also examines the effect of substituting defatted apricot, peach, and mango seed kernel flours for wheat flour in various ratios (5, 10, and 15%) on the chemical composition, physical features, and sensory properties evaluation of biscuits. The results revealed a significant effect of soaking and heating on the antinutrients, detoxification led to a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in antinutritional factors with ratios 43.63-52.73% total phenols, 78.17-86.16% tannins, 45.92-54.34% phytic acid and 40.42-44.70% oxalates, along with the complete removal (100%) of hydrocyanic acid (HCN). Wheat biscuit contained 3.20% moisture, 6.31% protein, 15.46% fat, 0.64% crude fiber, 1.25% ash and 76.33% carbohydrate. Highly acceptable biscuits could be obtained by incorporating 5% of defatted apricot, peach and mango kernel flours in the wheat biscuits formulation. As a by-product, apricot, peach and mango kernels offer an exciting potential as a food ingredient permitting to enrich biscuits and enlarge the food base for consumers.
ABSTRACT
A feeding trial, which lasted for seventy days, was conducted in which palm oil mill sludge and biodegraded sweet orange peel mixture was fed to substitute maize in broiler chicken diet at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel was fermented by soaking for 48 h in retted cassava waste water (CWW) and sundried, to obtain biodegraded sweet orange peel (BSOP). Palm oil mill effluent was filtered with a 0.30 mm pore plastic mesh sieve, poured into a 0.75 ?m pore fine cheesecloth bag and allowed to stand for five hours to produce a paste of palm oil mill sludge (POMS). The POMS was mixed with BSOP in ratio 1:1, sundried, milled to produce a POMS-BSOP mixture. One hundred and eighty day-old Cobb 700 broilers divided into six equal parts, and three replicates of 10 birds each were used. Each part was assigned to one of 6 diets compounded with 0% (T1), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), 15% (T4), 20% (T5) and 25% (T6) of POMS-BSOP mixture. The microbial composition of retted CWW, chemical composition of the POMS-BSOP mixture, and the digestibility of nutrients by the broiler chickens were determined. Isolated from CWW were; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli (bacteria), Aspergillus spp. (fungus) and Candidia spp. (yeast). POMS-BSOP was high in energy (4415.69 kcalME/kg), ether extract (41.50%), crude fibre (25.63%) and dry matter (92.28%), moderate in crude protein (6.83%), low in indigestible lignin (4.90% ADL), alkaloid (0.01%), tannin (0.02%), saponin (0.03%), phytate (0.05%), oxalate (0.15%) and flavonoid (0.17%). Dietary treatments significantly (P<0.05) affected digestibility of ether extract and metabolisable energy and crude protein digestibility by broiler chickens. Dietary maize can be replaced at up to 25% with a POMS-BSOP mixture to improve energy digestibility by broiler chickens.
ABSTRACT
Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se as concentrações de ácido fítico, fenóis totais e taninos totais em farelos de canola, girassol e soja, submetidos a diferentes tratamentos químicos, destinados para alimentação de peixes. Os tratamentos foram: A: água acidificada; EMA: etanol P.A. + metanol P.A. + água, na proporção 45:45:10; ET: etanol P.A. acidificado; ETA: etanol P.A. + água acidificada na proporção 70:30; AE: água acidificada e Etanol P.A. utilizados separadamente. No farelo de canola, os tratamentos EMA, ET e ETA aumentaram a concentração de ácido fítico. Os tratamentos AE e ETA foram mais eficientes na remoção de fenóis totais. O teor de taninos foi reduzido em todos os tratamentos, com destaque para ET, ETA e AE. Para o farelo de girassol, os teores de ácido fítico foram reduzidos com os tratamentos A e AE. O tratamento AE removeu a maior quantidade de fenóis totais e taninos totais. Para o farelo de soja, o tratamento A foi o único a reduzir o teor de ácido fítico. O tratamento AE foi mais eficiente na remoção de fenóis totais e taninos totais para esse farelo. O tratamento AE representa a melhor alternativa para extração desses antinutrientes para os farelos de canola, girassol e soja.
The phytic acid, phenolic compounds and total tannins contents of canola, sunflower and soybean meals subjected to different chemical treatments were evaluated in this study, aiming its inclusion in fish diets. The treatments were: a) A: acidified water (pH 1.0); b) EMA: ethanol (absolute) + methanol (absolute) + water, (45:45:10 ratio); c) ET: acidified ethanol (absolute) (pH 1.0); d) ETA: ethanol (absolute) + water (70:30 ratio) pH 1.0; e) AE: acidified water (pH 1.0) + ethanol (absolute) used separately. For canola meal, phytic acid content raised when treatments EMA, ET and ETA were used. Treatments AE and ETA were more efficient for reducing phenolic compounds. Total tannins showed reduction under all treatments, but ET, ETA, and AE were more effective. For sunflower meal, A and AE reduced phytic acid content, while the other treatments caused an increase in this antinutrient. Total phenols and tannins were most reduced under AE treatment. For soybean meal, treatment A was the only which reduced phytic acid content. Treatment AE was the best on reducing total phenols and tannins for soybean meal. Treatment AE represents the best alternative for reducing phytic acid, total phenols and total tannins of canola, sunflower and soybean meals.
ABSTRACT
The tubers of some wild yam species (eight) found in the Ivory Coast forest were collected and their classification according to their nutrients and antinutritional factors was made by principal component analysis (PCA). The principal component analysis (PCA) of individuals, constituted by the yam species, according to nutrients considered as the variables, showed two principal axes of correlation F1 and F2. The percentages of variables dispersion around the principal axes F1 and F2 were equal to 72.86% and 20.24% respectively. The individuals projected on the principal axes F1 and F2 grouped into four classes around the axes. Around the axis F1 (72.26%): The class gathering the tubers of wild yam species D. minutiflora; D. will hirtiflora and D. bulbifera bulbil which contained more Moisture and the class gathering the tubers of wild yam species D. burkilliana; D. bulbifera tuber; D. dumetorum; D. praehensilis and D. mangenotiana which had the highest Energy Value. Around the axis F2 (20.24%): The class gathering the tubers of wild yam species D. burkilliana; D. bulbifera tuber; D. dumetorum and D. praehensilis which contained more Soluble carbohydrates and the class gathering the tubers of wild yam species D. minutiflora; D. hirtiflora; D. bulbifera bulbil and D. mangenotiana which contained more ash. The principal component analysis (PCA) of individuals, constituted by wild yam species, according to their Antinutritional factors considered as the variables, showed two principal axes of correlation F1 and F2. The percentages of variables dispersion around the principal axes F1 and F2 were equal to 35.88% and 31.99%) respectively. The individuals projected on the principal axes F1 and F2 grouped into 3 classes around axes: Around the axis F1 (35.88%): The class gathering the tubers of wild yam species D. mangenotiana; D. dumetorum; D. burkilliana; D. bulbifera bulbil; D. togoensis; D. bulbifera tuber and D. praehensilis which contained more, Tannins, Alkaloids and Hydrocyanic acid. Around the F2 axis (31.99%): The class gathering the tubers of wild yam species D. togoensis; D. dumetorum; D. minutiflora; D. mangenotiana; D. praehensilis and D. bulbifera bulbil which contained more Oxalic Acid and the class gathering the tubers of wild yam species D. togoensis; D. hirtiflora; D. minutiflora and D. dumetorum and which contained more Sapogenins.
ABSTRACT
Leguminosa intensamente estudada na América Latina, o feijão comum Phaseolus vulgaris L. é a principal fonte de proteína e faz parte dos hábitos alimentares da população, sendo sua importância alimentícia, entre outros, devida ao menor custo de produção em relação à proteína animal. Embora o potencial de proteínas das leguminosas seja alto, elas podem conter fatores antinutricionais e outras substâncias nocivas à saúde, tais como inibidores das enzimas proteases, lectinas, antivitaminas, taninos, fatores de flatulência, alérgenos, fitatos e toxinas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a qualidade nutricional do feijão comum Phaseolus vulgaris L., mostrando a importância dos compostos nutricionais e de alguns fatores antinutricionais. Além das proteínas, o feijão é composto por carboidrato, sendo o amido o principal, e fibras alimentares, que possuem importantes fatores preventivos de algumas doenças. Os principais componentes antinutricionais são os polifenóis ou taninos, que se encontram no tegumento, as saponinas, os fitatos, a rafinose, as lectinas, que são tóxicas a aves e mamíferos, e os inibidores de proteases. Apesar do baixo aproveitamento nutricional e dos desconfortos físicos que pode causar sua ingestão, a grande importância que essa leguminosa tem na dieta dos latino-americanos demanda maior atenção dos pesquisadores, buscando otimizar essa importante fonte alimentar rica em proteína.
The common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., an intensely studied legume in Latin America, is its main protein source being part of the dietary habits of the population, and its nourishing importance, among others, is due to its low cost of production in relation to animal protein. Although the protein potential of the legumes is high, they may present antinutritional factors and other substances harmful to health, such as enzyme protease inhibitors, lectins, antivitamins, tannins, flatulence factors, allergenics, phytates, and toxins. Therefore, this paper reviews the literature on the nutritional quality of common beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., showing the importance of nutritional compounds and some antinutritional factors. Besides protein, the bean is composed by carbohydrates; amide is the main one, and dietary fibers, which present important preventive factors for some illnesses. Polyphenols, or tannins, found in the tegument, saponins, phytates, raffinose, and lectins, which are toxic to birds and mammals, and the inhibitors of proteases, are the major antinutritional components. Despite of the low nutritional exploitation and physical discomforts that its ingestion may cause, the great importance this legume has for the Latin American diet demands a great deal of attention by the researchers in order to optimize such important dietary source of protein.